Communication Definitions
"A" to :Asc",
"Asy" to "Bc",
"Be" to "Bi",
"Bl" to "Cz",
"D" to "E",
"F" to "L",
"M" to "Mod",
"Mu" to "Nu",
"O" to "Z"
MAC: Abbreviation for medium access control.
Manchester code: A code in which (a) data and clock signals are combined to form a single self synchronizing data stream, (b) each encoded bit contains a transition at the midpoint of a bit period, (c) the direction of transition determines whether the bit is a 0 or a 1, and (d) the first half is the true bit true bit value. Contrast with non-return-to zero.
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): An indicator of expected system reliability calculated on a statistical basis from the known failure rates of various components of the system. More on MTBF
Microprocessor: A central processing unit implemented on a single chip. [uP Manufacturers]
Modem: Acronym for modulator/demodulator. In general, a device that both modulates and demodulates signals. In computer communications, a device used for converting digital, signals into, and recovering them from, quasi-analog signals suitable for transmission over analog communications channels. [PC Modem Manufacturers]
Modified AMI code: A T-carrier AMI
line code in which bipolar violations may be
deliberately inserted to maintain system
synchronization.
The clock rate of an incoming T-carrier signal is extracted from its bipolar
line code. T-carrier was originally developed for
voice applications. When voice signals are digitized
for transmission via T-carrier, there is no problem in
maintaining system synchronization, because of the
nature of the digitized signals. However, when used
for the transmission of digital data, the conventional
AMI line code may fail to have sufficient marks, i.e.,
1's, to permit recovery of the incoming clock, and
synchronization is lost. This happens when there are
too many consecutive zeros in the user data being
transported. To prevent loss of synchronization when
a long string of zeros is present in the user data,
deliberate bipolar violations are inserted into the line
code, to create a sufficient number of marks to
maintain synchronization. The receive terminal
equipment recognizes the bipolar violations and
removes from the user data the marks attributable to
the bipolar violations.
The exact pattern of
bipolar violations that is transmitted in any given case
depends on the line rate and the polarity of the last
valid mark in the user data prior to the unacceptably
long string of zeros.
The number of consecutive zeros that can be tolerated in user data
depends on the data rate, i.e., the level of the line
code in the T-carrier hierarchy. The North American
T1 line code (1.544 Mb/s) does not use bipolar
violations. The European T1 line code (2.048 Mb/s)
may use bipolar violations when 8 or more
consecutive zeros are present. This line code is called
bipolar with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS). (In all
levels of the European T-carrier hierarchy, the
patterns of bipolar violations that are used differ from
those used in the North American hierarchy.) At the
North American T2 rate (6.312 Mb/s), bipolar
violations are inserted if 6 or more consecutive zeros
occur. This line code is called bipolar with six-zero
substitution (B6ZS). At the North American T3 rate
(44.736 Mb/s), bipolar violations are inserted if 3 or
more consecutive zeros occur. This line code is
called bipolar with three-zero substitution (B3ZS).