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The material the printed wiring board is fabricated with determines its dielectric constant.
The dielectric constant in turn determines the time in which signals propagate over the board [Propagation velocity].
Material | Permittivity | Propagation velocity |
Type | ||
Teflon | 2 | 212mm/nS |
Polyimide | 3 | 173mm/nS |
FR4 Outer trace | 2.8 - 4.5 | 141 - 179mm/nS |
FR4 Inner trace | 4.5 | 141mm/nS |
Rogers 4003 | 3.38 | --- |
PTFE | 2.6 | --- |
GETEK | 3.8 - 4.2 | --- |
Nelco 4000-8000 | 3.5 - 4.4 | --- |
Permittivity [dielectric constant] is a measure of the ability to support an electrostatic field related to capacitance. The units [Er] are Farads/meter.
The numbers for Printed Wiring Boards [PWB] varies all over the place, and seems to be hard to control.
How ever for any particular board material, Er will be lower for top traces [Microstrip] and higher for traces embedded [Stripline] within the board material.
Signal Velocity [Vp] = C / [Er]1/2. 'C' is a constant at 30cm/ns.
The graphic above shows how the Board Material's Permittivity and the Circuit's Rise Time effect the maximum allowable trace length.
The blue vertical line assumes a rise time of 1.1nS, while the horizontal lines assume a particular board material [Orange for FR4, and Purple for Polyimide].
The graph indicates a trace length which exceeds Length > tr / [ 6 x t pr ]. The worst case trace length which must be terminated exceeds Length > tr / [ 2 x t pr ].
The difference between the two equations will relate to the Q of the circuit. The Q of the circuit is defined by the following calculation:
Q = (L/C)1/2/ Rs
FrequencyRing = 1 / (2 * 3.1415 *(LC)1/2)
Voltage Overshoot = V*e-3.1415/(4Q2-1)1/2
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